This book examines the latest advancements in agricultural and medical biotechnology, highlighting improvements in crop traits, sustainable farming practices, gene therapy, biopharmaceuticals, and personalized medicine. Ethical considerations are thoroughly explored, addressing health and safety concerns, socio-economic disparities, and moral questions about genetic manipulation and animal welfare. The global implications section analyzes diverse regulatory frameworks and their impact on international trade, as well as the role of public perception and cultural values in shaping the acceptance of GMOs.